{"id":1214,"date":"2025-12-12T01:52:28","date_gmt":"2025-12-12T01:52:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/?p=1214"},"modified":"2025-12-30T03:48:01","modified_gmt":"2025-12-30T03:48:01","slug":"density-of-titanium-metal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/density-of-titanium-metal\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u00a0<strong>4.50 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/strong>\u00a0\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u00a0<strong>4.51 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/strong>. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u201c\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u201d - \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647. \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0640 <a href=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/is-titanium-a-metal-properties-composition\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"64\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a>, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u00a0<em>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627<\/em>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 4.51 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00a0<strong>4510 \u0643\u062c\u0645\/\u0645\u00b3<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u062a\u00a0<strong>4.50 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/strong>\u00a0\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u201c\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u201d - \u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 5)<\/h3>\n<p>\u201c\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u00a0<strong>\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\/\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 Ti \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/strong>. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644, <a href=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/product\/astm-f136-grade-5-eli-titanium-round-bar-supplier\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"305\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 ASTM<\/a> 2) \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 5 \/ Ti-6Al-4V). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627:<\/strong>\u00a0~\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 4.51 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 (\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ti-6Al-4V (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 5):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 4.43 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u061b \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\/\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a MTC).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u201c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u201d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/titanium-products-shipping\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"65\">\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a>. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062f\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 + \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 + \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\/\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645\u00b3\u060c \u0643\u062c\u0645\/\u0645\u00b3\u060c \u0631\u0637\u0644\/\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629)<\/h3>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Exploring-Titanium-Density-1.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Exploring-Titanium-Density-1.webp 800w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Exploring-Titanium-Density-1-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Exploring-Titanium-Density-1-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Exploring-Titanium-Density-1-18x10.webp 18w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Exploring-Titanium-Density-1-600x338.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 4.51 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<td>4.51<\/td>\n<td>\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0643\u062c\u0645\/\u0645\u00b3<\/td>\n<td>4510<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0628 g\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a 1000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0631\u0637\u0644\/\u0641\u064a\u00b3<\/td>\n<td>~0.163<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u061b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647<\/strong>\u00a0(\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c 4.50 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 4.51):<br \/>\n\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (Ti \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c ~ \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629):\u00a0<strong>\u22484.51 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/strong>\u00a0(\u22484510 \u0643\u062c\u0645\/\u0645\u00b3)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u00a0<a class=\"cursor-pointer underline !decoration-primary-700 decoration-dashed\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsc.org\/periodic-table\/element\/22\/titanium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a>. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0625\u0646\u00a0<a class=\"cursor-pointer underline !decoration-primary-700 decoration-dashed\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rsc.org\/periodic-table\/element\/22\/titanium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u00a0<a class=\"cursor-pointer underline !decoration-primary-700 decoration-dashed\" href=\"https:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645. (\u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643).<\/p>\n<h2>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u201c\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a\u201d. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/strong>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>1) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 (\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0629\u201d)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 4.50 \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 4.51\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>2) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629)<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u201c\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u201d (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b 20 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627).<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (CTE). \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u03c1(T) \u2248 \u03c1(T\u2080) \/ (1 + 3\u03b1\u0394T)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0<strong>\u03b1<\/strong>\u00a0\u0647\u0648 CTE \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0648\u00a0<strong>\ud83b\ude0d<\/strong>\u00a0\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 0.01 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u201c\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>3) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (Ti \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628\u201d)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 (Ti-6Al-4V\u060c Ti-3Al-2.5V\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e) \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1218 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Physical_Properties_of_Titanium.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"550\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Physical_Properties_of_Titanium.webp 770w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Physical_Properties_of_Titanium-300x214.webp 300w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Physical_Properties_of_Titanium-768x549.webp 768w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Physical_Properties_of_Titanium-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Physical_Properties_of_Titanium-600x429.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>4) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 (\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c PM\u060c AM)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629:\u00a0<strong>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u201c\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 3 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0CP Ti \u0623\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629\u061f \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 ASTM)\u061f<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 (\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633\/\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 (\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\/\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629) = \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u00d7 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0643. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646\u00a0<strong>\u03c1 = 4.51 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0623\u0648\u00a0<strong>4510 \u0643\u062c\u0645\/\u0645\u00b3<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 1: \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/product\/gr5-titanium-bar-ti-6al-4v-ams-4928-astm-b348\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"66\">\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u00a0<strong>D = 20 \u0645\u0645<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u00a0<strong>\u0644 = 1.0 \u0645<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 CP Ti):\u00a0<strong>\u03c1 = 4510 \u0643\u062c\u0645\/\u0645\u00b3<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062d\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0631: D = 0.02 \u0645\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 r = 0.01 \u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629:\u00a0<strong>V = \u03c0r\u00b2L = \u03c0 \u00d7 (0.01)\u00b2 \u00d7 1.0 \u2248 3.1416\u00d710-\u2074 \u0645\u00b3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629:\u00a0<strong>m = V\u03c1 \u2248 3.1416\u00d710-\u2074 \u00d7 4510 \u2248 1.42 \u0643\u062c\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 20 \u0645\u0645 \u00d7 1 \u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/product\/titanium-gr-2-hex-bar-manufacturer-suppliers\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"67\">\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a> \u062d\u0648\u0644\u00a0<strong>1.42 \u0643\u062c\u0645<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0644\u0640 CP Ti \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629). \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 Ti-6Al-4V\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 2: \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u00d7 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u00d7 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644: 1000 \u0645\u0645 (1.0 \u0645)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636: 500 \u0645\u0645 (0.5 \u0645\u062a\u0631)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629: 10 \u0645\u0645 (0.01 \u0645)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645: V = 1.0 \u00d7 0.5 \u00d7 0.01 =\u00a0<strong>0.005 m\u00b3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629: m = 0.005 \u00d7 4510 = 0.005 \u00d7 4510 =\u00a0<strong>22.55 \u0643\u062c\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u201c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u201d \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a: \u201c\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062e\u0644\u0637 mm \u0648 m \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 4.50 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 4.51.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1219 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ti_density2800x600.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ti_density2800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ti_density2800x600-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ti_density2800x600-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ti_density2800x600-16x12.webp 16w, https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ti_density2800x600-600x450.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0647)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u201c\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u201d)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (CP):<\/strong>\u00a0~\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 4.51 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647):<\/strong>\u00a0~\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 2.70 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a):<\/strong>\u00a0~\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 7.85 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u00a0<strong>~40-45% \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630<\/strong>\u00a0(4.51 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 7.85).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u00a0<strong>~65-70% \u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong>\u00a0(4.51 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 2.70).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u201c\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u201d \u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u00a0<em>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a<\/em>\u00a0\u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629\u201d.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/titanium-grade-5-vs-grade-2-technical-guide\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"304\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a (AM)\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629\u201d \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 - \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 (\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642):<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642\u061b \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639)<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>RD = \u03c1_measured \/ \u03c1_theoretical<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (P) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p><strong>P \u2248 1 - RD<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 AM \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 AM \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 RD = 0.99\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 P \u2248 1%. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 - \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f (\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u201d \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a (\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633)\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 RD \u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629)<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u201c\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u201d \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 - \u0625\u0646\u0647\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u00a0<strong>\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633: \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0639 (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0621). \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d AM \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628 (\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong>\u00a0\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u201d. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0627\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \/ \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u201c\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 __\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 ASTM __ (\u0623\u0648 ISO __).\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a (\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645 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\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629:\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 = \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 = \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u00d7 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u00b3 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u062c\u0645\/\u0645\u00b3). \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u00a0<strong>V = \u03c0r\u00b2L<\/strong>; \u061b \u062b\u0645\u00a0<strong>\u0645 = V\u03c1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>9) \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645. \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u0644\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629).<\/p>\n<h3>10) \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629\u201d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 (\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\/\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a).\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0633)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>11) \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 (RD) = \u03c1<sub>\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/sub>\u00a0\/ \u03c1<sub>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a<\/sub><\/strong>. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u0621 AM \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u00a0<strong>P \u2248 1 - RD<\/strong>, \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>12) \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u062a\u0645)\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 (\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628). \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 1-2% \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 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\u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0642\/\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>14) \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 (\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e)\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ASTM \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c ASTM B348 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