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\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Grade 2) \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 0.0025 \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631.<\/strong>, \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 (90\/10 Cu-Ni) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 (SCC) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1\/100 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0633 (Ringhals) \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 3 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 17 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/(\u0645\u062a\u0631\u00b7\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646)<\/strong>, \u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 45 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/(\u0645\u062a\u0631\u00b7\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646) \u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 90\/10 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 100\u2013120 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/(\u0645\u062a\u0631\u00b7\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646) \u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 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\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f 0.7-0.9 \u0645\u0645 (\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 ASTM B338)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 0.5 \u0645\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633-\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u2014 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 U) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/strong>: \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 + \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 + \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f + \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (0.5 \u0645\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u062e \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 20 \u064840% \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (TiO\u2082) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0642\u064a\u0645 U) \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 5-15% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong>, \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (TiO\u2082) \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 ASTM B338<\/strong>, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 B338 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 (PREN) \u2014 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c, \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 12 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632) \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f 70 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM B338:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 B338 \u0631\u0642\u0645 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 ASTM B338 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 7 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 12 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 9 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c, \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 Grade 2 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 0.7 \u06480.9 \u0645\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/strong> \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 Grade 7 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 Grade 2 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647 3 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 600 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 15,000 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0623: \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633-\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 90\/10 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 1.0 \u0645\u0644\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 (\u0628): \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 ASTM B338 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0633\u0645\u0643\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 0.7 \u06480.9 \u0645\u0644\u0645.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 30 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 40-60% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631<\/strong>, \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 HonTitan \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 12 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM B338 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 2 (Grade 2) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628:<\/strong> \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (roller expansion) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 2 (Grade 2). \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 (\u2264 0.5 \u0645\u0644\u0645) \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628:<\/strong> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645:<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 110 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644) \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 60% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 130 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644) \u064855% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 200 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644). \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 (FIV) \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 (\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 250 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629). \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 (EPC) \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/strong> \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u061f<\/strong> \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u061f<\/strong> \u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/strong> \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u061f<\/strong> \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 ASTM B338 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b - \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 - \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 50 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u062a\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Titanium condenser tubes \u2014 specified to ASTM B338, typically Grade 2 \u2014 have become the preferred choice for power plant steam surface condensers in coastal, seawater-cooled, and industrial environments. Their near-zero corrosion rate in aggressive cooling water (< 0.0025 mm\/year in seawater), combined with thin-wall design that compensates for lower thermal conductivity (~17 W\/m\u00b7K for […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4595","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4595","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4595"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4595\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4601,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4595\/revisions\/4601"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4595"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4595"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4595"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645: \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628](\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/titanium-condenser-tubes-astm-b338.webp\" "\\"\\"")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
R_wall = \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\n
ASTM B338: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637](\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/titanium-pren-comparison-chart.webp\" "\\"\\"")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641<\/th> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/th> \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/th> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 2<\/strong><\/td> \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/td> \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 345 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td> \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td> \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 80% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/strong><\/td> \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645-0.15% \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td> \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 345 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td> \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u064a<\/td> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0643\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 12<\/strong><\/td> \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645-0.3 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0646-0.8 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/td> \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 483 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td> \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 (Mo-Ni) \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/td> \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/strong><\/td> Ti-3Al-2.5 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/td> \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 620 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td> \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u064b\u0627<\/td> \u0633\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th> PREN<\/th> \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td> ~15<\/td> \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u2014 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643<\/td><\/tr> \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316L<\/td> ~25<\/td> \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u2014 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631<\/td><\/tr> \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632 2205<\/td> ~35<\/td> \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a<\/td><\/tr> \u0633\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632 2507<\/td> ~42\u201345<\/td> \u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td><\/tr> \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2<\/strong><\/td> > 50<\/strong><\/td> \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u2014 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n \n
\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629: \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f: \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\u0641\u0634\u0644](\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/condenser-tube-corrosion-failure.webp\" "\\"\\"")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629](\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/power-plant-condenser-tube-bundle.webp\" "\\"\\"")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629: \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
ASTM B338 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c tolerances \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 12 (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 70 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u0648\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 ASTM B338 Grade 2 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 1\/100 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 Ringhals \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 Grade 2 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 20 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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