\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>
\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 2 (Grade 2) \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 (FDA) \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a (CIP). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a (MIC) \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u2014 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 100 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ASTM B338\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 (CMTR) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (NDT)\u060c \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 2% \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 50 \u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u2014 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 U \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Grade 2) \u2014 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 3.1 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 ASTM B338 \u0648 ASME SB-338\u061f<\/strong>
\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 ASTM B338 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (ASTM International) \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 ASME SB-338 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 (ASME) \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u062f ASME \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0648\u062f ASME \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (CMTR) \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 SB-338.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Grade 2) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong>
\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (UNS R50400) \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 345 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u226520%)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 80 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0641\u0625\u0646 Gr2 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Gr7 \u0623\u0648 Gr12 \u0641\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM B338 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u061f<\/strong>
\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f (CMTR) \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (heat number) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a (VAR). \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 B338 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 2 (Grade 2): \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 0.03% \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c 0.10% \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c 0.015% \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c 0.30% \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c 0.25% \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Ti). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u062b\u0644 SGS \u0623\u0648 Bureau Veritas \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Grade 2) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 U\u061f<\/strong>
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628: \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ISO 9001 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0635 EN 10204 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 3.1. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639: \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 AS9100 (\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ISO 13485 (\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d REACH \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 AS9100 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Grade 2) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 U\u061f<\/strong>
\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 5 \u0625\u0644\u0649 8 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 U (\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f). \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 4 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 U \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0643 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u064f\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Grade 2)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM B338\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u2014 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u061b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Grade 2) \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (Grade 7) \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 (Grade 12) \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (CMTRs) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (NDT) \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u2014 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 HonTitan<\/strong> <\/a>\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u00ab\u0628\u0627\u0648\u062c\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0640 20 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 (RFQ).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Sourcing titanium heat exchanger tubes \u2014 especially Grade 2 U-bend or straight condenser tubes \u2014 requires more than finding the lowest price per meter. This guide covers grade selection (Gr2 vs Gr7 vs Gr12), ASTM B338 compliance, U-bend procurement specifics, and the supplier qualification steps that separate a 20-year tube bundle from one that fails […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4627","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4627","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4627"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4627\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4631,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4627\/revisions\/4631"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4627"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4627"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4627"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
![\"\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629](\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/titanium-heat-exchanger-industrial.webp\" "\\"\\"")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637](\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/titanium-grade-comparison-chart-1.webp\" "\\"\\"")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0643](\"https:\/\/hontitan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/titanium-supplier-qualification-checklist.webp\" "\\"\\"")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n