Ti-1023 titanium round bar and billet (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, UNS R56410) — near-beta forging alloy meeting AMS 4984 chemistry requirements, engineered for aerospace landing gear, critical airframe forgings, and high-strength structural applications requiring deep section hardenability.
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Ti-1023 titanium round bar and billet (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, UNS R56410) is a near-beta titanium alloy supplied as forging stock and machined bar, referenced to AMS 4983 and AMS 4984 alloy and melting requirements, with tensile strengths ranging from 970 MPa in the annealed condition to 1,193–1,260 MPa (173–183 ksi) in the solution-treated-and-aged condition. The alloy is the primary material of record for Boeing 777 main landing gear and is widely specified for critical airframe forgings and high-cycle-fatigue structural components where superior deep hardenability and near-net-shape forgeability are required.
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Material Grade | Ti-1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) |
| UNS Number | R56410 |
| Forging Specifications | AMS 4983 / AMS 4984 / AMS 4986 / AMS 4987 |
| Available Forms | Round bar / billet (forging stock); machined bar blanks |
| Diameter Range | 12.7–203 mm (0.5–8.0 in.) |
| Length | Up to 6,000 mm (236 in.), custom cut available |
| Tolerance | h9–h11 (ground finish); as-rolled available |
| Surface Condition | Turned, ground, or as-rolled/peeled |
| MOQ | 50 kg (custom size) / stock items available |
| Lead Time | 4–12 weeks (subject to material availability) |
| Mill Test Certificate | EN 10204 3.1 included with every order |
Ti-1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) is a near-beta, metastable-beta titanium alloy containing nominally 10 wt% vanadium, 2 wt% iron, and 3 wt% aluminum, with a density of 4.65 g/cm³ and a beta transus temperature of approximately 800°C (1,472°F).
Originally developed by TIMET (Titanium Metals Corporation) and marketed as TIMETAL 10-2-3, the alloy was qualified for aerospace use in the early 1970s and became the primary structural alloy for Boeing 777 main landing gear — an application requiring through-section hardening of large cross-sections that conventional alpha-beta alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V cannot achieve. Substituting Ti-1023 forgings for 4340M steel on the 777 main landing gear reduced system weight by approximately 270 kg.
Key distinguishing characteristics:
Ti-1023 is also designated TB6 under the Chinese national standard (GB/T 2965) and carries UNS number R56410. No ASTM “grade number” (analogous to CP Grade 1–4) exists for this alloy; product specifications are governed entirely by the AMS system.
Ti-1023 chemical composition per AMS 4984 (weight percent):
| Element | Minimum (wt%) | Maximum (wt%) |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum (Al) | 2.6 | 3.4 |
| Vanadium (V) | 9.0 | 11.0 |
| Iron (Fe) | 1.6 | 2.2 |
| Oxygen (O) | — | 0.13 |
| Carbon © | — | 0.05 |
| Nitrogen (N) | — | 0.05 |
| Hydrogen (H) | — | 0.015 |
| Other elements (each) | — | 0.10 |
| Other elements (total) | — | 0.30 |
| Titanium (Ti) | Balance | — |
The aluminum content stabilizes the alpha phase and provides solid-solution strengthening; vanadium is the primary beta-stabilizer and controls hardenability; iron acts as a supplementary beta-stabilizer with particularly strong influence on the martensite start temperature, making iron content the most tightly controlled variable in the alloy specification.
Ti-1023 properties depend strongly on heat treatment condition. The four AMS forging specifications (4983, 4984, 4986, 4987) define different strength–toughness combinations achieved through varying aging temperatures on forged components.
Properties measured on bar/billet before final aging — representative of material supplied for subsequent forging and heat treatment:
| Property | Value | Test Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) | ~970 MPa (141 ksi) | ASTM E8 |
| 0.2% Yield Strength | ~900 MPa (131 ksi) | ASTM E8 |
| Elongation | ~9% | ASTM E8 |
| Elastic Modulus | ~110 GPa (16.0 Msi) | ASTM E111 |
Solution treated and aged forgings: aging at 482–510°C (900–950°F), max section 76 mm (3 in.):
| Property | Minimum | Test Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) | 1,193 MPa (173 ksi) | ASTM E8 |
| 0.2% Yield Strength | 1,103 MPa (160 ksi) | ASTM E8 |
| Compressive Yield Strength | 1,145 MPa (166 ksi) | ASTM E9 |
| Elongation | 4% | ASTM E8 |
| Fracture Toughness (KIc) | 44 MPa·m½ (40 ksi·√in) | ASTM E399 |
| Fatigue Strength (~10⁷ cycles) | ~945 MPa (137 ksi) | ASTM E466 |
| Elastic Modulus | 107–114 GPa (15.5–16.5 Msi) | ASTM E111 |
For thicker sections and damage-tolerant designs (aging at 510–593°C, max section 102 mm / 4 in.):
| AMS | Min UTS | Min YS | Min Elongation | Min KIc | Max Section |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMS 4986 | 1,103 MPa (160 ksi) | 1,000 MPa (145 ksi) | 6% | 60 MPa·m½ | 102 mm (4 in.) |
| AMS 4987 | 965 MPa (140 ksi) | 896 MPa (130 ksi) | 8% | 88 MPa·m½ | 102 mm (4 in.) |
Standard heat treatment parameters:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Density | 4.65 g/cm³ (0.168 lb/in³) |
| Beta Transus Temperature | ~800°C (1,472°F) |
| Elastic Modulus (tensile) | ~110 GPa (16.0 Msi) |
| Shear Modulus | 42.1 GPa (6.1 Msi) |
| Poisson’s Ratio | ~0.32 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 7.80 W/m·K |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | 9.70 µm/m·°C (5.39 µin/in·°F) |
| Specific Heat Capacity | ~520 J/kg·K |
| Melting Range | ~1,704–1,760°C (3,100–3,200°F) |
Ti-1023 round bar and billet is available in the following standard configurations. Custom diameters and cut lengths are accommodated with a minimum order quantity.
| Form | Diameter Range | Surface Condition |
|---|---|---|
| Turned / ground | 12.7–76.2 mm (0.50–3.00 in.) | h9–h11 per ISO 286-2 |
| As-rolled / peeled | 25.4–152.4 mm (1.00–6.00 in.) | ±0.5 mm |
| Oversized billet (forging stock) | 76.2–203.2 mm (3.00–8.00 in.) | As-machined |
Ti-1023 and Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) are both high-performance aerospace titanium alloys, but they serve different structural requirements. The comparison below covers the key selection criteria for aerospace structural design.
| Property | Ti-1023 (AMS 4984 condition) | Ti-6Al-4V (AMS 4928, STA) |
|---|---|---|
| Min UTS | 1,193 MPa (173 ksi) | ~895 MPa (130 ksi) min |
| Min Yield Strength | 1,103 MPa (160 ksi) | ~828 MPa (120 ksi) min |
| Fracture Toughness (KIc) | ~44 MPa·m½ | ~60–80 MPa·m½ |
| Density | 4.65 g/cm³ | 4.43 g/cm³ |
| Elastic Modulus | ~110 GPa | ~114 GPa |
| Beta Transus | ~800°C | ~995°C |
| Deep Hardenability | Up to ~100 mm (4 in.) section | Limited (~25 mm section) |
| Forgeability (near-net-shape) | Excellent (lower forging temperatures) | Good |
| Machinability | Lower (aged condition) | Moderate |
| Weldability | Limited (fusion welding not recommended for STA) | Good |
| Classification | Near-beta (metastable beta) | Alpha-beta |
| Primary Forging Spec | AMS 4984 | AMS 4928 |
When to specify Ti-1023:
When to specify Ti-6Al-4V:
Ti-1023 titanium round bar and billet is specified for critical structural applications where high strength, low weight, and section-size hardenability are the governing design constraints:
All four AMS specifications for this alloy govern forgings. Bar and billet is supplied as forging stock meeting the alloy chemistry and melting requirements of these specifications.
| Standard | Product Form | Condition | Min UTS | Max Section |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMS 4983 | Forgings | STA — 180 ksi | 1,241 MPa (180 ksi) | — |
| AMS 4984 | Forgings, consumable electrode melted | STA — 173 ksi | 1,193 MPa (173 ksi) | 76 mm (3 in.) |
| AMS 4986 | Forgings, consumable electrode melted | STA — 160 ksi | 1,103 MPa (160 ksi) | 102 mm (4 in.) |
| AMS 4987 | Forgings, consumable electrode melted | Overaged — 140 ksi | 965 MPa (140 ksi) | 102 mm (4 in.) |
| Standard / Identifier | Description |
|---|---|
| UNS R56410 | Unified Numbering System designation |
| GB/T 2965 TB6 | Chinese national standard equivalent designation |
| EN 10204 3.1 | Mill Test Certificate standard; included with all shipments |
Material is produced and supplied under a quality management system certified to:
All shipments include an EN 10204 3.1 Mill Test Certificate (MTC) covering:
First Article Inspection (FAI) documentation available on request.
Ti-1023 is a near-beta (metastable-beta) titanium alloy with the nominal composition Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (10 wt% vanadium, 2 wt% iron, 3 wt% aluminum), UNS R56410. Originally developed by TIMET under the trade name TIMETAL 10-2-3, it was engineered for thick-section aerospace forgings requiring through-hardening — a capability that alpha-beta alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V cannot provide in large cross-sections. It is also designated TB6 under the Chinese national standard.
The four AMS specifications for Ti-1023 (AMS 4983, 4984, 4986, and 4987) all govern forgings. AMS 4984 (173 ksi minimum UTS, max 76 mm section) is the most commonly specified for high-strength applications such as landing gear. AMS 4986 (160 ksi, max 102 mm section) and AMS 4987 (140 ksi, max 102 mm section) provide better fracture toughness at lower strength for damage-tolerant designs. Bar and billet is supplied as forging stock meeting the alloy chemistry and melting requirements of these specifications.
Ti-1023 is primarily used for aerospace landing gear and critical airframe structures. The most cited application is the Boeing 777 main landing gear, where Ti-1023 replaced 4340M steel and reduced main landing gear weight by approximately 270 kg. The C-17 Globemaster III military transport and Super Lynx helicopter (main rotor head forgings) also use Ti-1023 in primary structures. The alloy is specified wherever tensile strength above 1,100 MPa, deep hardenability of thick sections, and near-net-shape forgeability are simultaneously required.
The density of Ti-1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) is 4.65 g/cm³ (0.168 lb/in³). This is slightly higher than Ti-6Al-4V (4.43 g/cm³) due to the high vanadium content, but the alloy’s significantly higher tensile strength in the aged condition (1,193+ MPa vs. ~895 MPa minimum for Ti-6Al-4V per AMS 4928) results in superior specific strength for thick load-bearing structural applications.
All three are Ti-1023 forging specifications. They differ in aging temperature and the resulting strength–toughness balance. AMS 4984 uses the lowest aging temperature (482–510°C) and achieves the highest strength (173 ksi minimum UTS, 40 ksi·√in fracture toughness) in sections up to 76 mm. AMS 4986 uses a mid-range aging temperature (510–538°C) for a balance of strength (160 ksi) and toughness (55 ksi·√in) in sections up to 102 mm. AMS 4987 uses the highest aging temperature (566–593°C) for the best toughness (80 ksi·√in) at the lowest strength (140 ksi) in sections up to 102 mm.
The beta transus temperature of Ti-1023 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al) is approximately 800°C (1,472°F). For AMS 4984 solution heat treatment, forgings are held at 28–56°C (50–100°F) below the beta transus — typically 744–772°C — for a minimum of 30 minutes, then water quenched, to retain primary alpha phase before aging. Exceeding the beta transus during solution treatment results in a fully lamellar microstructure with reduced fatigue performance.
Ti-1023 in the annealed condition can be joined using GTAW (TIG) under inert-gas shielding; electron beam (EB) welding is the preferred method for structural joints. Ti-1023 in the solution-treated-and-aged condition (AMS 4984) is generally not recommended for fusion welding in structural applications, as the weld heat-affected zone cannot be re-aged in situ to recover the original mechanical properties. Diffusion bonding and inertia/friction welding are used in specialized aerospace joining programs.
Standard diameters in the 25.4–76.2 mm (1.0–3.0 in.) range are commonly maintained in annealed condition for prompt shipment as forging stock. Larger diameters and STA-processed bar are typically supplied as made-to-order with lead times of 4–12 weeks depending on diameter and quantity. Contact the sales team with diameter, length, condition, and quantity for current availability and a formal RFQ response.
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